Lung Disorders and Illnesses

Lung Disorders and Illnesses Emphysema Emphysema is a disorder in which the alveolar walls are destroyed. This is a result from a breakdown in the lungs normal defense mechanisms, which is the alpha-antitrypsin, against enzymes protease and elastase, which attacks and destroys the connective tissue of the lungs. Difficult expiration is the result of the destruction of the walls between the alveoli, partial airway collapse and loss of elastic recoil which be caused by smoking. As the alveoli collapse, pockets of the air form the alveolar spaces and within the lung parenchyma. This process leads to increased ventilator dead space from areas that do not participate in gas or blood exchange. The work of breathing is increased because there is less function at lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Individual with emphysema shows productive cough, decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, prolonged expiration and barrel chest presentation. To diagnose this condition, doctors will arrange for the person to have lung function test. Spirometry is used to measure the volume of air that the individual can inhale and exhale over a period of time. The result will show whether the airways are narrowed as a result of lung disorder, this test can also tell if the bronchodilator drugs prescribed, to widen the airways, are effective. Individual may have X-ray and CT scanning to assess the extent of damage to the lung and to exclude other disorders and look for evidence of lung tissue damage. Doctor will prescribe an inhaler containing a bronchodilator drug to open up the airways of the lungs by relaxing muscles of the bronchial walls, some will have oxygen therapy to relieve shortness of breath and antibiotics may be prescribed if a chest infection develops. Smoking and air pollution causes inflammation in the airways leading to the destruction of lung tissue. Smoking also weakens the immune system, which causes the lungs to be susceptible to infections resulting to decreased elasticit y leading to gradual destruction of lung function. Pneumoconiosis This is also known as the dust disease, result from inhalation of minerals, notably silica, coal dust or asbestos. This disease is commonly seen in miners, construction workers, sandblasters, potters and foundry and quarry workers. Pneumoconiosis usually develop gradually over a period of years, eventually leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis or progressive fibrosis of lung tissues that diminishes lung capacity and produces restrictive lung disease. Disease is caused by very small particles that are inhaled going through the bronchioles and alveoli that cannot be removed that eventually accumulate causing scarring and thickening of the lining of the lungs until it loses its ability to supply oxygen through out the body, while larger particles are trapped by mucus on upper respiratory tract and expelled by coughing. Early clinical manifestations are cough and dyspnea on exertion. Chest pain, productive cough and dyspnea at rest, loss of appetite, respiratory failure develops as the c ondition progresses and may lead to death. Pneumoconiosis can be diagnosed by using chest x-ray and pulmonary function test. Doctor will prescribe medication called bronchodilators that open airways. Other treatments would be avoiding all dust exposures, use of oxygen and stop smoking. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, chronic disease characterized by abnormal secretions of the exocrine glands that causes body secretions to be thick and abnormal. Cystic fibrosis is present at birth and the abnormal genes are inherited from both parents. This order affects the sweat glands, respiratory system, digestive tract and reproductive tract. Cystic used to be considered a pediatric problem because it was fatal in childhood. However, advances in early diagnosis and treatment, including antibiotics, chest physiotherapy and nutrition programmes have extended the median life expectancy into mid 30s. A newborn baby with CF may have swollen abdomen and may not pass thick, sticky faeces passed by newborn infants for the first few days following birth. Other symptoms usually develop later in infancy and may include recurrent chest infection; constant cough develops, producing large amounts of sticky mucus. As CF progresses, the lung disorder bronchiectasis may occur, where the m ain airways are abnormally widened. An early diagnosis improves the long-term outlook by helping to prevent damage to the lungs in infancy. If the doctor suspects that a child has the condition at birth or later in infancy, a sweat test may be carried out to look for abnormally high levels of salt in the babys sweat. A sample of blood may also be tested to look for the abnormal gene. If the test result is found to be positive, siblings of the affected child can also be tested. Treatment for the cystic fibrosis is aimed at slowing the progression of lung disease and maintaining adequate nutrition. Chest physiotherapy is usually performed to remove secretions from the lungs; they sometimes require intravenous antibiotics to eliminate bacteria that become established in the lung secretions. Inhaled drugs can also help to reduce the stickiness of the secretions in the lungs. If the lungs are severely damaged, it may be possible to carry out a heart-lung transplant. Gender and lifestyle are not significant factors for this disease.

70-640 Lesson 11

Lesson 11 Active Directory Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Disaster Recovery Knowledge Assessment Matching a. authoritative restoref. LDP b. checkpoint fileg. system volume c. Directory Services Restore Modeh. tombstone d. fragmentationi. transaction buffer e. garbage collectionj. Windows PowerShell __h__ 1. This object is created when an object is deleted within Active Directory. __i__ 2. Active Directory changes are written here before they are committed to disk. __j__ 3. This is a new advanced command-line and scripting interface included in Windows Server 2008. __g__ 4.This volume houses the boot files for a Windows Server 2008 computer. __e__ 5. This describes the process of removing tombstoned objects from the NTDS. DIT file. __a__ 6. You will need to perform this operation if you have inadvertently deleted one or more Active Directory objects. __f__ 7. This is a graphical user interface that will allow you to query Active Directory as part of the troubleshooting process. __b __ 8. This is used as a reference file in case the Active Directory database needs to be recovered from a system failure to ensure that no transactions are lost. _c__ 9. To perform many Active Directory maintenance operations, you will need to restart your domain controller in this startup mode. __d__ 10. This can decrease database performance because updates are made to the Active Directory over time. Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following backup types can be initiated by a member of the local Administrators group or a member of the local Backup Operators group on a Windows Server 2008 computer? a. Manual backup b. Scheduled backup c. Full backup d. Differential backupA manual backup can be rescheduled by a local administrator or member of the local Backup Operators group. Scheduled backups can only be created by members of the local Administrators group. 2. The NTDS. DIT file is based on which database technology? a. Structured Query Language (SQL) b. Oracle c. Extensible Stora ge Engine (ESE) d. My*SQL The NTDS. DIT file is based on the Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) data storage format, not Microsoft SQL as some people believe. 3. Which of the following commands can be used to configure Active Directory permissions from the command line? . LDP b. Dsacls c. Dcdiag d. ADSI Edit The dsacls. exe command-line utility can be used to list and modify Active Directory permissions for a particular object or container. 4. What runs automatically on a domain controller every 12 hours by default during the garbage collection process? a. Offline defragmentation b. Authoritative restore c. Nonauthoritative restore d. Online defragmentation Online defragmentation on an Active Directory domain controller is also known as the garbage collection process. 5.Which tool can you use to force a domain controller to start in Directory Services Restore Mode on its next reboot? a. cmd. exe b. bootmgr. exe c. bcdedit. exe d. dcpromo. exe Apart from pressing F8 during the system bo ot, you can configure a Windows Server 2008 computer to automatically boot into Directory Services Restore Mode by using the bcdedit. exe command-line utility before rebooting the server. 6. Which operation requires the Active Directory Domain Service to be taken offline? a. Offline defragmentation b. Online defragmentation c. Garbage Collection d. Transaction BufferingOf the operations listed, only an offline defragmentation requires you to take the Active Directory database offline, whether through rebooting into DSRM or by using the new restartable Active Directory feature. 7. Which of the following backup types can be initiated only by a member of the local Administrators group on a Windows Server 2008 computer? a. Manual backup b. Scheduled backup c. Full backup d. Differential backup Unlike manual backups, scheduled backups can only be created by members of the local Administrators group on a Windows Server 2008 computer. 8.Which backup type will empty the Application log on t he server that is being backed up? a. Copy backup b. Differential backup c. Normal backup d. VSS full backup VSS full backup will update each file’s backup history and clear the Application Log files. 9. Which of the following volumes hosts the Windows operating system? a. Boot volume b. Shared volume c. System volume d. Host volume The boot volume holds the Windows operating system and the Registry. 10. When performing an authoritative restore of a user object that belongs to multiple Active Directory groups, what is restored by the LDF file that is generated by Ntdsutil? . Optional attributes b. Mandatory attributes c. Back-links d. Security Identifier (SID) In a multi-domain environment, back-links need to be manually re-created after an authoritative restore by using the LDIF files generated automatically by ntdsutil. CASE SCENARIOS Scenario 11-1: Consulting for Margie’s Travel You are a computer consultant for Margie Shoop, the owner of Margie’s Travel. Mar gie has a single Active Directory domain structure with the domain margiestravel. com. Margie has travel agencies worldwide, at 50 locations in 7 countries. All locations are connected to a satellite array.Margie has signed a 10-year contract to provide satellite access to her 50 locations. Connectivity to the satellite array varies from 57 Kbps to 128 Kbps. Although her locations vary greatly in the number of computer and user accounts, each location with more than 15 users has its own domain controller, global catalog server, and DNS server, all typically configured on the same computer. The margiestravel. com Active Directory infrastructure has nine sites. Given this information about Margie’s Travel, answer the following questions: 1. You discuss performance monitoring with Margie.During your conversation, you learn no one has ever used Replication and Performance Monitor to check the performance of her domain controllers. Margie wants to know why anyone would even bother . What do you say to her? Replication and Performance Monitor is used to provide one-time and ongoing reports of Active Directory performance counters, which can be used to proactively monitor Active Directory for potential hardware and software issues that might impact client authentication. 2. Margie tells you that some of her domain controllers have multiple hard disks. She tells you that the additional physical hard disks are not being used.She wants to know if they can be used to improve the performance of Active Directory. What would you tell her? The Active Directory database and log files can be moved to different hard disks within a server to improve performance. 3. Margie sends you to Cairo, Egypt, to troubleshoot a few domain controllers in her Egypt location. You find some event messages concerning replication events, but you would like to see more detailed information than the data in the log now. What can you do? Modify the debugging levels in the Registry to increase the number of events that are logged to the Event Viewer.

Enron And The Natural Gas Industry - 2792 Words

Kenneth Lay, Enron’s founder, was born in 1942 in Tyrone, Missouri. During young adulthood, he moved to Houston, Texas. While living in Houston, he earned a PhD in Economics. He worked in the Pentagon for a short time, and also in Washington, D.C. under President Nixon’s administration. He founded Enron in July of 1985. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/business/2002/enron/timeline/1.stm) Enron started out as a pipeline company. Through strategic mergers and acquisitions, they controlled a large share of the infrastructure that moved natural gas from one place to another. Ken Lay started Enron because he felt there was great opportunity to make money in the natural gas industry. He believed†¦show more content†¦He couldn’t do this on his own. From early on, he enlisted the help of a man named Jeff Skilling. One of the first things Skilling did at Enron was create what he called, â€Å"The Gas Bank†. (McLean and Elkin d, pg. 35) Using this, Enron was able to buy long-term contracts for profit, and later, trade them like a commodity. Enron was the pioneer of natural gas contract trading. No other natural gas company did this before. It revolutionized the way Enron made money. Originally, Enron made money mostly from their pipelines. Now, they incorporated trading into their revenues. Jeff Skilling had insisted from the onset of their natural gas contract trading, that he run that part of the business and that they use mark to market accounting, rather than Enron’s traditional cost accounting. (McLean and Elkind, pg. 39) The trading part of Enron’s business was hugely successful, in the beginning. Traders and executives were given huge bonuses and stock options, based on their performance. With this newfound success, the culture at Enron slowly evolved. All new hires that entered Enron were evaluated based on their ability to generate profits. Characteristics like teamwo rk and loyalty were no longer important. If you were a team player, but didn’t make profits, you were fired. This culture created a dysfunctional and cutthroat atmosphere at Enron. This profit-oriented culture was evident when

Themes in the Picture of Dorian Gray - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1270 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Did you like this example? The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, first published in 1890, was extremely controversial. Many considered it morally wrong because of the things it portrayed (SparkNotes). But the main elements it portrayed, its themes, were common ones. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Themes in the Picture of Dorian Gray" essay for you Create order The idolization of beauty and youth begins on page one and continues on through until the end. Art is also introduced on page one, before page one really, and its effects are felt throughout the entire book. A constant battle between good and evil takes place throughout the entire story. These three things play major roles in the movement of the plot and largely affect the main characters we see. Dorian Gray is beautiful. This is the first thing we know of him. We also learn that is young, not even of age yet. After knowing him a short time, Lord Henry tells Dorian youth is the one thing worth having and someday, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, you will feel it (Wilde, 20). These comments show that Lord Henry, and most of society, associate youth with beauty. They also show the idolization that takes place of such youth and beauty. It seems to be the only thing that people seem to notice of him. Sibyl Vane doesnt know his real name, but she knows he is good looking and young. People, Lord Henry included, assume that because he is so beautiful and so young-looking he is innocent and unmarred by the world. Beauty and youth act as a revitalizing agent for the characters. Basil creates the best works of his life when he becomes friends with Dorian. When Lord Henry, a married man, sees Dorian for the first time, feelings are awakened in him he hasnt felt in a long time, f eelings his wife doesnt even give him. As Dorian falls into the wrong ways of life, he is brought back to something close to his normal self when he becomes obsessed with beautiful things like jewelry and fancy tapestries. Every portrait that is painted with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not of the sitter (Wilde, 5). In the story, Dorian comes in contact with three works of art: the portrait of himself done by Basil, Sibyl Vanes acting (for that is a work of art), and the yellow book given to him as reading by Lord Henry. All three works of art show Dorian something he truly wants in life. They also change his life in some form or fashion. The portrait shows him how beautiful he truly is and makes him realize that he doesnt want to lose his beauty. Without the painting, Dorian wouldnt have made the wish that kept him young. Without the painting, Dorian would have shown the world how bad of a person he could have been. Without the painting, he might not have become such a terrible person. He might have not done terrible things, knowing the world could see all the scars and marks on his body. Sibyl Vanes act is the first time that Dorian falls in love. It shows him what he really wants out of a wo man and a lover. Her lack of acting, during her last performance, leads to the fight between her and Dorian which leads to the first change in the picture and her taking her own life. The portrait changing for the first time leads to a change in Dorian. It makes him realize what happens when he does something that would mar his body. It leads to him realizing that he could do terrible things without having to pay for the consequences. Sibyls death leads to another new chapter in Dorians life because he realizes that he can cause people to do terrible things and get away with them. The yellow book forces him to realize what he is truly doing with his life and makes him work for change. It takes a while for that to happen though. When Basil finishes the portrait, he says he can not exhibit it because I [Basil] have put too much of myself in it (Wilde, 2). He is afraid that it would make Dorian dislike him. Later on, however, he asks Dorian if it would be all right if he exhibited the painting. This shows that Basils feelings for Dorian change over the year as Dorians pulls away from him. He stops feeling things for Dorian that he needs to hide because Dorian becomes a terrible person and Basil doesnt want to be around him. Sibyls acting before meeting Dorian is the rawest form of emotion. She doesnt realize that what she is portraying is fake because she has never experienced that before. After meeting, and falling in love with Dorian, she realizes that her acting is fake and stops trying because she has the real stuff. The battle between good and evil is a fight that has been fought since the beginning of time. There are two examples in this story. Basil and Lord Henry are constantly fighting over how to treat Dorian and how to nourish his growth as a human being. Basil wants Dorian to be the perfect gentleman. He wants to stay the sweet, innocent, young thing he is at the beginning of the story. Lord Henry wants to change Dorian as much as possible. He thinks it is a game to change Dorian, to make him question what he thinks and what he does. Basil wants to encourage Dorian in everything he does. When he falls in love with Sibyl, Basil acts if its the best thing in the world. When Sibyl cant act and Dorian thought, Basil still encourages him to love her. Basil goes to Dorian as he falls into the darker side of life and tries to reason with him. Lord Henry does right the opposite. When Dorian tells him that he will marry Sibyl Vane, Lord Henry tells him not. He encourages Dorian to leave the play, and Sibyl, when they realize how bad of an actress Sibyl is. He doesnt seem to notice or care it is being rumored that Dorian is destroying young mens lives. The fight begins the moment Lord Henry meets Dorian and continues through until the end of the book. The other battle of good versus evil is fought within Dorian himself. He has two little people standing on his shoulders, giving him contradicting advice. He wants to be good. He really tries to be good. But he falls off the wagon. He is constantly seeking new feelings he has not yet felt before and he finds them by doing things on the wrong side of life. This battle wages inside him until he kills Basil. He then realizes that he wants to be good, wants to do the right thing. Even then, though, he has to fight to do that. Lord Henry tells him he is being stupid for wanting to do that, that he has done nothing wrong, and that makes him question himself. But eventually, he does the right thing. To repent for all his sins, he tries to destroy the painting and kills himself. Though at its publication, it was considered controversial, The Picture of Dorian Gray portrays main themes that can be found in most works. The idolization of youth and beauty causes a lot of problems in this book. Art changes how the characters think about the world and themselves. The battle between good versus evil is fought from page one until the end. These three themes play major parts in the story of Dorian Gray and change all the characters in some form or fashion.